Capitalization in Titles and Headings
There are three main options for capitalizing chapter and section headings within your thesis: capitalizing all significant words, capitalizing only the first word, and a combination of the two.
The three heading capitalization styles
First, you can capitalize every significant word.
| Option 1: All significant words capitalized |
| Chapter 3 Literature Review |
| Section 3.1 History of Coffee Drinking |
| Section 3.2 Emerging Coffee Markets in North America Section 3.2.1 High School and College Students Section 3.2.2 Commuting Workers |
| Section 3.3 Competitors in the Hot Beverage Sector |
The list of what is considered significant is quite long; it generally includes all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs.
You may find it easier to instead focus on what usually isn’t considered significant (and thus not capitalized, unless it happens to be the first word in a heading): articles (a, an, the), prepositions (examples: by, for, in), conjunctions (examples: and, or, because).
| Option 2: Only first words capitalized |
| Chapter 3 Literature review |
| Section 3.1 A history of coffee drinking |
| Section 3.2 Emerging coffee markets in North America Section 3.2.1 High school and college students Section 3.2.2 Commuting workers |
| Section 3.3 Competitors in the hot beverage sector |
Finally, the third possibility is to use a combination of the other two options. For instance, you could use option 1 for the chapter headings and option 2 for lower level headings.
| Option 3: Capitalization varies by level |
| Chapter 3 Literature Review (level 1) |
| Section 3.1 A history of coffee drinking (level 2) |
| Section 3.2 Emerging coffee markets in North America Section 3.2.1 High school and college students (level 3) Section 3.2.2 Commuting workers |
| Section 3.3 Competitors in the hot beverage sector |
Capitalize proper nouns (names) no matter what
Formal names of people, organizations, and places are capitalized no matter what style you use. For instance, North America is capitalized throughout the above examples.
In this regard, note that specific models, theories, and schools of thoughts are not considered proper nouns. The only component that needs to be capitalized is the scholar’s name, when relevant.
| Porter’s Five Forces Model Einstein’s Theory of Relativity the Realist school | Porter’s five forces model Einstein’s theory of relativity the realist school |
Which option should you choose? If you are following the APA style, the rules are clear. Essentially, you should capitalize all significant words in level 1 and 2 headings and only the first word starting from level 3.
If you are free to decide, we recommend option 1 or 3. Why? One reason is that it’s easier, you just won’t have to make so many judgment calls about what to capitalize. A second is that using a lot of capital letters may make the text difficult to follow, especially in longer headings.
Consistency, consistency, consistency
Whatever option you choose, the most important thing is to capitalize headings consistently throughout your entire document. This applies not only to the main chapters of your thesis, but also to any supporting materials that come before and after (including the abstract, table of contents, lists of tables/figures, acknowledgements, reference list, and appendixes).
To make sure that no inconsistencies have snuck through, take a very careful look at your table of contents. Seeing all of the headings together will make any anomalies very apparent. This is especially true if you have used Microsoft Word to automatically generate this list.
Also take care that other aspects of your thesis layout and formatting are consistent in relation to headings.